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Mi hija/o se corta… ¿Qué hago? - Comuna Mujer
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Home / Familia y Hogar / Mi hija/o se corta… ¿Qué hago?

Mi hija/o se corta… ¿Qué hago?

Mi hija/o se corta… ¿Qué hago?
La práctica de la autoagresión, parecería ser de poca frecuencia; sin embargo, en mi observación en la clínica, he apreciado un aumento de esta conducta, la cual adopta múltiples formas de presentación.

El poco conocimiento que en la comunidad médica y psicológica tiene sobre la automutilación (AM), me motivó a buscar en la literatura científica para comprender este fenómeno, delimitarlo mejor, analizar lo que sucede con los niños y/o adolescentes, y por último, reflexionar sobre ella. 

Según las ideas expuestas en su artículo “Automutilación: ¿Síntoma o síndrome?” del cuerpo de psiquiatras chilenos Dr. Armando Nader y la Dra. Virginia Boehme, el mismo cuenta como esta "epidemia silenciosa", afecta de sobremanera a nuestros adolescentes, más de lo que podemos llegar a suponer. 

¿Qué es?

La AM,  la podemos definir como un acto deliberado y/o repetitivo que persigue dañar el propio cuerpo, sin intención suicida. La forma más común llamada “superficial”, es en la que me voy a centrar, ya que es la que se da en los adolecentes de Uruguay con mayor frecuencia. La localización más frecuente de las heridas son los brazos, piernas y abdomen.

El perfil característico de una  persona que comete AM, es el de una mujer con un nivel intelectual sobre el promedio y que inicia esta conducta en la adolescencia. La edad de inicio es de 13 a 14 años de edad, la mayoría son de sexo femenino y en una pequeña parte, comete su inicio coincidente con la menarca (primera menstruación).

Los trastorno clínicos a los que es asociada esta conducta son:

- cuadros orgánicos cerebrales

- trastornos del desarrollo de la infancia

- esquizofrenia y otras psicosis

- trastornos del ánimo

- depresión y enfermedad bipolar

- trastornos de ansiedad

- crisis de pánico, T.O.C.

- trastornos de la conducta alimentaria

- trastornos del desarrollo de la personalidad

- límite, antisocial (border)

- trastornos relacionados con sustancias

- trastornos del control del impulso.

Esto NO quiere decir que si se comete esta conducta, se tenga algunos de estos cuadros clínicos; pero sí que si se tiene algunos de estos cuadros, se puede tener esta conducta.

Son tantos los cuadros clínicos en los que se presenta la AM, que en esto radica la dificultad de comprensión del fenómeno, la complejidad en delimitarla y la incertidumbre de qué hacer al respecto.

¿Por qué?

Estos actos pueden ser rutinarios y/o azarosos, y se relacionan con estados emocionales intensos, alcanzando un estado máximo cuando la persona siente que va a explotar si no canaliza las emociones. Puede ser angustia, rabia, culpa, pena, sensación de impotencia, presenciar una pelea de los padres, etc... a los que le sigue un acto impulsivo, donde no media la reflexión.

Los pacientes refieren a la condición de inevitabilidad del acto, por el alivio que sienten... a pesar de que reconocen que “está mal y es perjudicial”.

Factores Sociales

Gran parte de los pacientes, provienen de hogares donde han recibido maltrato tanto físico como emocional, siendo muy frecuente la existencia de abuso sexual. Es habitual encontrar antecedentes de enfermedades mentales y alcoholismo en la familia.

Las familias con reglas muy estrictas, que reprimen la expresión emocional o las familias aglutinadas con padres intrusivos, que no permiten una adecuada diferenciación y reconocimiento de los sentimientos, y percepciones propias, generan ambientes facilitadores de la AM.

Este tipo de ambiente es capaz de trastornar el vínculo temprano, generando una patología en éste y condicionando la aparición de conductas AM en el futuro.

Factores Psicológicos

Quienes realizan la AM, presentan una muy baja autoestima con dificultades en la vinculación (especialmente con la madre) y poca capacidad para lograr intimidad. Tienen una insaciable necesidad de aprobación y afecto, inmadurez emocional, falencia en el control de impulsos e hipersensibilidad a la opinión de los demás, y dificultades para percibir y expresar sus propias emociones (especialmente las negativas).

No desarrollan destrezas de cuidarse a ellas mismas, no se sienten merecedoras de  bienestar y al no lograr calmar su propia ansiedad, incurren en conductas de autoagresión, a modo de auto ayuda distorsionada.

Paradojalmente, su meta es terminar con el sufrimiento interno, aunque eso signifique atacar su propio cuerpo y padecer dolor físico.

Tratamiento

El enfoque psicoterapéutico, debe abordar al individuo y a la familia, y en el caso de los adolescentes, su entorno educativo.

A nivel individual, planteamos una psicoterapia realizada en dos etapas: la primera, sería una intervención en crisis dirigida a establecer una alianza terapéutica y a extinguir el acto AM. La técnica más usada, es la cognitivo-conductual de tiempo limitado, cuyo objetivo es lograr que el paciente reconozca sus emociones, sea capaz de expresarlas de manera más adaptativa y desarrollar habilidades en resolución de problemas. Se debe enfocar en resaltar la autoestima y el auto cuidado.

La segunda etapa
, consiste en una psicoterapia considerando la organización de la personalidad (las técnicas dependerán del enfoque del terapeuta).

En el ámbito familiar, lo primero es dar apoyo a la familia, debido al alto impacto afectivo que provoca la conducta auto mutiladora y junto a eso, develar y aceptar el problema; ya que es un tema con múltiples aristas y a veces, es imposible en corto tiempo, localizar el problema para que el adolescente pueda emerger. Posteriormente, se buscan cambios en los patrones de relación interpersonal, resaltando una comunicación más funcional, y un ambiente contenedor y protector.

Este es un problema mudo, en el cual los adultos cuidadores se sienten desbordados, creyendo que fallaron en su rol y sin herramientas efectivas para solucionarlo.

Pero mi experiencia clínica me ha hecho saber que es un problema que tratado a tiempo, tiene una solución... pero requiere esfuerzo, tanto del profesional como de la familia.



Licenciado en Psicología Javier J. Mangini

Terapeuta Psicoanalista

Teléfono: 099-843-381
Web: http://javiermangini.wix.com/psicologia
Mail: javiermangini@hotmail.com

CPM - Clínica Psicológica Massey

Avenida Italia 2498 - 2 480 0639 / Avelino Miranda 2697 - 2 486 0639
Web: http://www.clinicamassey.com/ 

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